Scienza e Pace
Science and Peace
This paper intends to concentrate on the Community of Sant’Egidio, established in Rome in 1968, and its contribution to the maintenance of peace. The analysis will start from the first and best known among its successes, the one achieved in Mozambique: thanks to the negotiations which took place at the headquarters of the Community, on 4.10.1992 the legitimate government and guerrillas ended a 17-year conflict by signing the General Peace Agreement. Its implementation was then placed in the hands of ONUMOZ, established by Security Council Resolution 797 (1992). Afterwards, the paper will concentrate on one of the recent initiatives of Sant’Egidio, the one in the Central African Republic: here too, the Community has proven to be able to collaborate effectively with the UN and to complete its action. In order to formalise such collaboration, on 9.6.2017 the UN and Sant’Egidio signed an agreement which provides a centralised and regular channel of communication between the two organisations. Such unprecedented agreement attracts considerable interest: indeed, the role assigned by the UN Charter to NGOs is quite weak, since it is limited to the consultative status with ECOSOC provided by article 71. Therefore, the agreement at stake can be interpreted as an attempt to fill the gap between the active involvement of the Community in the international arena and the limited role recognised to it by the UN system.
The purpose of this article is to analyse the legality of the practice of treaty-based interventions by international organisations of regional character in their member states under international law. In particular, the objective is to analyse the legality of this practice in relation to the general rules of international responsibility and to the collective security system of the Charter of the United Nations. Regarding the rules of international responsibility treaty-based interventions are considered lawful provided there is valid consent from the affected state, since consent is considered as a circumstance precluding the wrongfulness of certain conducts. With respect to the United Nations Charter such practice can also be deemed lawful considering that it does not characterize as enforcement action requiring authorization by the Security Council, as provided for in Chapter VIII of the Charter. The article concludes that such interventions are generally lawful under international law but must comply with certain conditions to be carried out. As a recent practice, interventions by regional organisations in their member states do not have well-defined legal dimensions and have not been extensively analysed by doctrine.
Este artigo tem como proposta apontar a urgência – e viabilidade – da inclusão da temática penal nas discussões acerca da governança global ambiental, como política pública internacional, a ser internalizada, posteriormente, nos países. Para tanto, o trabalho se divide em duas partes: na primeira, expõe-se como a governança global ambiental, atualmente, busca conectar Estados e suas subdivisões administrativas, organizações internacionais, empresas transnacionais e sociedade civil em torno de objetivos comuns, relacionados ao incremento da proteção do meio ambiente e ao uso sustentável dos recursos naturais. Na segunda parte, o estudo dedicar-se-á a apontar a urgência da tipificação de crimes internacionais contra o meio ambiente em tempos de paz, como meta para uma governança global mais coesa, considerando as organizações internacionais existentes, a fim de promover a unificação de teses e abordagens de ordem prática, um dos grandes problemas da governança hoje, carente de uma liderança mais efetiva, capaz de concentrar os entendimentos sobre o tema. Conclui-se que a governança global ambiental deve se ocupar, inicialmente no plano internacional, de criminalizar condutas graves atentatórias ao meio ambiente, sendo este um passo necessário e, talvez mais que isso, útil à confluência de entendimentos sobre os meios e mecanismos de proteção e repressão.
This article aims to provide a personal memory of Alberto L’Abate, illustrating the role he played in the Italian non-violent experience. In order to do so, we have to reconstruct the history of non-violent people and movements since 1989, a difficult undertaking which requires going beyond traditional academic settings. In fact, the historiography of non-violent movements requires the passage from a descriptive approach to an interpretative one. After exposing the four development models (MDS) proposed by Lanza del Vasto in the 1950s and then by Galtung in the 1970s, the article frames the political history of the 20th century in the above-mentioned models. Finally, the author offers a brief presentation of the Italian non-violent story, underlining the peculiarities with respect to the European and global panoramas. It is within this framework that L’Abate's activity is located, as illustrated through a table that allows you to graphically grasp its contribution to Italian non-violence.
The present paper describes how a product design Course can approach the issue of migration, starting from the analysis of the main stages of the journey that refugees have to do, from the departure to the arrival, to the period they spend in the hosting country. The article focuses, in particular, on the examination of two design methodologies: lateral thinking and design thinking, both used throughout the project. In support of the explanation of methodological theories, two of the seven projects born within the Course will be illustrated: Grab.m and and Kala. The firs one focused on the theme of the see crossing, the second one on the topic of cultural integration.
This paper aims to illustrate the activity of Clinica di Malattie Nervose e Mentali di Pisa during the First World War. Mostly, it will refer to the role of the psychiatrist in society and to the issue of war psychiatry, which had already been debated during colonial conflicts. The paper will take into consideration the scientific problem of the traumatic aetiology of psychiatric disorders. In particular, it will study the case of Clinica di Pisa and the several reports that the clinic itself produced. The examined cases show the apparent contradiction of an “impossible disease”, diagnosed in the military and not in civilians. In fact, during this period of time, the Italian psychiatric science seems not to contemplate the possibility that war could cause a psychiatric condition. The paper aims to solve this dilemma, showing how in such cases the clinical practice differs and considering further developments.
The Iranian political system, based on Islamic law (Shari'a law) since 1979, as well as its current government, are facing various challenges typical of a society marked by the contradictions of societies in transition. One of the main such contradictions concerns the respect of Islamic legal-moral principles, which were the fundamental aim behind the rise of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This article intends to question, at least in part, the deep roots of the current problems through an analysis of the Iranian political power and its evolution, returning to the country's first modern popular movement and the failure of the first Persian constitution of 1907, the effects of which continue to today. In this framework, a reflection on the role of the Iranian secular intellectuals and religious scholars and their influence on the public debate will be considered. Finally, the current constitutional charter and on how it was established will be examined, in particular the principle of velāyat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist) and its theoretical-practical consequences, after the Iranian people had been governed by a secular government like Pahalvi (1925 -1979) for almost half a century.