Scienza e Pace
Science and Peace
An extensive debate on the determinants of people's support for globalization concluded that it is necessary to leverage on welfare schemes to compensate those who lose from globalization. Yet, this solution is not universally accepted and it may not be viable in times of budget constraints. We test the hypothesis that confidence in institutions improves people's acceptance of globalization. We use micro data from the Eurobarometer, the European Social Survey and the European Quality of Life Survey to study the case of Luxembourg, a small and open economy, highly integrated in international markets and in which immigrants are more than half of the total residents. Figures indicate that confidence in institutions, and in particular in international ones, increases people's acceptance of globalization. However, when globalization is considered as free movement of people across borders, confidence in international institutions plays a major role. These results are robust to reverse causality.
A direct strike on an operative nuclear power plant during military operations has become a possible dramatic scenario in the present Ukrainian crisis. Plausible accidents in such a scenario could be divided into criticality and conventional accidents. The former could occur if auxiliary and safety power plant systems are hit simultaneously, reaching the reactor criticality in an uncontrolled way. The latter could involve the release of radioactivity into the environment as a result of detonations and fires at power plant sites containing radioactive material. Often and incorrectly in recent months, commenting on events at the Zaporizhzhia power plant started on March 2022, the media have compared the consequences of such attacks to that of using a tactical nuclear weapon. From the standpoint of lethality to the population, radionuclides involved, and the extent of contamination of the environment, the two events are deeply different. This explanatory paper aims to study the impact on humans and on the environment of an attack’s consequences on the Zaporizhzhia power plant and those of the detonation of a tactical nuclear warhead of 10 kt (kiloton).
This paper is aimed to analyse if the armed interventions of regional and sub-regional organizations in the territory of a Member State comply with international law from an overall point of view. The treaties of the regional and sub-regional organizations - which have performed armed interventions in the territory of a Member State until today – have been surveyed, in order to assess whether and how far they include such kind of armed interventions. The conducts more often performed by regional and sub-regional organizations on this matter have been then analysed, in order to appraise their compliance with international law. Lastly, the element of the consent from the Member State target of the armed intervention has been surveyed.
The paper deals with the attribution of international responsibility for wrongful acts committed by UN peacekeepers. First, it analyses the case law applying the criterion of the “degree of effective control” as decisive to the attribution of that conduct to the UN or to the contributing State. Then, it suggests that the criterion of the “degree of effective control” includes operational, jurisdictional, and disciplinary powers, so that dual attribution of conduct cannot be excluded and usually occurs in UN peacekeeping operations. The dual attribution of the same conduct (to UN and States) is also useful to victims, as it overtakes the immunity from jurisdiction granted to UN under international law, providing a judicial remedy in national and international courts against the contributing State.
This paper deals with the encyclical Fratres omnes (2020) not from the perspective of theology and its strictly religious implications, but in order to grasp those aspects uniting believers and non-believers. The focus is on those elements which, in order to oppose the global nihilistic drift of the homo oeconomicus, may support the development of new ways of relating human beings to each other and to the world. Within this frame, a special attention will be devoted to the concepts of ‘solidarity’ and ‘brotherhood’ which, aimed at overcoming the individualistic logic of profit, can contribute to an alternative cultural paradigm oriented to ‘existential’ peace.
The study focuses on the Chilean constituent process scheduled for the second semester of 2022: we propose to analyse the legal and political debate which the need for a constitutional change has been generating in the last several years with particular regard to the issue of the justiciability of social rights. In examining these problems, from a methodological point of view, a moderately skeptical position toward the normative potential of the general theory of law is implicitly defended. According to this framework, the normative consideration of conceptual problems always needs to be integrated by the evaluation of contingent legal, political and social factors. We aim to show that there is no rigid causal link between the presence of a wide catalogue of social rights in a constitution and the satisfaction of the benefits associated with them. On the other hand, the study aims to show that the symbolic and expressive meaning associated with the possible reaffirmation of the founding values of constitutional texts is even more important in a society characterized, like the Chilean one, by a long-standing tendency to go against the redistributive principles that inspire the logic of social rights.